Skip to content
PhageCocktails
References

The sources behind the claims

Not exhaustive — these are the load-bearing citations. We deliberately separate measured figures from modeled projections, and peer-reviewed findings from conference-tier company data. Where we say "untested," we mean it.

Antimicrobial resistance burden

  1. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance (O’Neill). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally. 2016
  2. Murray et al. (GRAM). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019. The Lancet, 2022
  3. GRAM Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial AMR 1990–2021 with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, 2024
  4. CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. CDC, 2019

Landmark phage therapy

  1. Schooley, Strathdee et al.. Development and use of personalized phage to treat MDR A. baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2017
  2. Dedrick, Hatfull et al.. Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of disseminated M. abscessus. Nature Medicine, 2019
  3. Pirnay et al.. Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 patients (Belgium). Nature Microbiology, 2024
  4. Leitner et al.. Intravesical phage vs placebo vs antibiotics for UTI (RCT). Lancet Infect Dis, 2021
  5. Kim et al. (Locus). CRISPR-enhanced phage LBP-EC01 for E. coli UTI (ELIMINATE Part 1). Lancet Infect Dis, 2024

Phage × microbiome medicine

  1. Federici et al.. Targeted suppression of an IBD-associated Klebsiella clade by phages. Cell, 2022
  2. Duan et al.. Bacteriophage targeting cytolytic E. faecalis in alcoholic hepatitis. Nature, 2019
  3. Zheng et al.. Phage-guided elimination of F. nucleatum augments CRC chemotherapy. Nat Biomed Eng, 2019
  4. Norman et al.. Disease-specific expansion of the gut virome in IBD. Cell, 2015
  5. Shkoporov et al.. The human gut virome is individual-specific and stable. Cell Host & Microbe, 2019

NEC, the preterm gut & the NICU flagship

  1. Olm, Banfield, Morowitz et al.. Klebsiella and replication-rate signatures precede NEC. Science Advances, 2019
  2. Warner, Tarr et al.. Gut bacteria preceding NEC in preterm infants (cohort). The Lancet, 2016
  3. Brunse et al.. Fecal-filtrate transfer prevents NEC in preterm piglets. ISME J, 2021
  4. Spiegelhauer et al.. UV-inactivating the virome abolishes NEC protection (phages are the active agent). Gut Microbes, 2025
  5. Liang, Bushman et al.. The stepwise assembly of the early-life gut virome. Nature, 2020

A note on rigor: company trial results presented at conferences (e.g. AP-SA02, BX211) are promising but not yet peer-reviewed pivotal data, and the two completed phage RCTs to date (PhagoBurn; the Tbilisi UTI trial) were negative or non-superiority. The strongest peer-reviewed positives remain observational cohorts and early-phase safety studies with efficacy signals. We hold the field to that standard here.